This project will examine the associations between distal and proximal influences, namely economic adversity and maladaptive parent-child interactions and relationships, and children’s immunological functioning in middle childhood. Both existing data from the Family Life Project (FLP) and new data collection will be used to test the proposed hypotheses. The Family Life Project is a large, epidemiologically informed sampling of families living in poor, rural communities of the United States. There are two primary data collection sites, Eastern North Carolina and Central Pennsylvania. The investigators at UNC-CH will be responsible for assisting in the development of new data collection protocols as well as the implementation of these protocols for new data collection at the NC site in Years 1 and 2 of the proposed study. In addition, investigators at UNC-CH will be responsible for coding the quality of parent-child interactions at this age, a key proximal variable that is predicted to be associated with individual variation in immunological functioning of children in middle childhood. The data management core at UNC-CH will be responsible for processing, managing, and storing new data collection, as well as integrating new data with existing FLP data in the creation of analysis datasets that will be used to test specific study hypotheses. Investigators at UNC-CH will be involved in both the ongoing conceptualization of the proposed study as well as the analyses and dissemination of findings from this research.