Polygenic depression risk, childhood parental substance abuse, and G×E interaction in divergent depression trajectories from middle to late adulthood

National life course studies examining the interplay between genetic risk, parental substance abuse, and lifelong depression are lacking, despite the need for individualized interventions. This study investigates how the interaction between polygenic risk for depression and childhood exposure to parental substance abuse is associated with depression trajectories from mid-to late adulthood.