2021
From the abstract: "This cohort study assessed opioid use among 1252 non-Hispanic White individuals and American Indian individuals in rural counties in the central Appalachia region of North Carolina from January 1993 to December 2015. By age 30 years, approximately one-quarter of participants had used opioids, and the findings revealed that childhood tobacco use and depression were associated with later nonheroin opioid use in general, weekly nonheroin opioid use, and heroin use."
Citation
Shanahan, L., Hill, S. N., Bechtiger, L., Steinhoff, A., Godwin, J., Gaydosh, L. M., Mullan Harris, K., Dodge, K. A., & Copeland, W. E. (2021). Prevalence and childhood precursors of opioid use in the early decades of life. JAMA Pediatrics, 175(3), 276-285.
DOI
10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.5205